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A 50-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis is brought by ambulance to a rural emergency department with large-volume haematemesis. Observations: HR 125 bpm, BP 70/40 mmHg, RR 22/min, Temp 36.4 Β°C, GCS 14. You have activated the massive transfusion protocol and the retrieval team.

1. Other than blood products, list (3) medications you will administer to this patient. 3 marks

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2. List (4) complications of massive transfusion. 4 marks

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3. List (5) procedural steps for using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube or Minnesota tube. 5 marks

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