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You are reviewing a study that investigates whether the early administration of IV pantoprazole reduces hospital length of stay in adults presenting to the ED with an upper GI bleed. The researchers conducted a single-centre, prospective trial over 12 months.

1. What is the most appropriate study design for this research? Provide justification for your response 3 marks

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2. Define the following terms used in clinical research: randomisation, blinding, validity, confounding variable 4 marks

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3. List (3) types of bias that could affect the validity of the described study and explain how each could be minimised 3 marks

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