A 26-year-old male presents to your rural emergency department with severe atraumatic left scrotal pain. You suspect a possible acute torsion of the left testis.

1. List (3) important details (other than those mentioned above) in the patient’s history of presentation that would favour a diagnosis of testicular torsion for this presentation. 3 marks

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2. List (3) findings on inspection or examination of the scrotum that favour a diagnosis of torsion for this presentation. 3 marks

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3. List (3) other differential diagnoses for this presentation that you will consider other than testicular torsion. 3 marks

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Your suspicion of testicular torsion is further strengthened after your clinical assessment of the patient. The urologist at your nearest referral hospital asks you to attempt manual detorsion prior to urgent transfer.

4. Describe the advantage of, and technique for manual detorsion of this patient 3 marks

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