A 10-year-old boy has been brought to your ED with anaphylaxis.

1. Other than adrenaline and IV fluids, list (4) other treatment options for life-threatening symptoms of refractory anaphylaxis. 4 marks

2. In the table below, list (2) different types of anaphylaxis and their respective pathophysiological mechanisms. 4 marks

3. List (4) criteria for safe discharge from the ED. 4 marks

4. List (2) indications for allergy specialist referral following discharge from the Emergency Department. 2 marks

5. Explain the steps of how to use an Epipen to his parent. 4 marks