A 78 year old man is sent into your ED by their general practitioner with concerns for acute kidney injury in the context of infectious gastroenteritis. The patient’s creatinine is 250 umol/L and their potassium level is 5.4 mmol/L.

1. According to the RIFLE criteria of acute renal failure, list (2) points that define injury. 1 mark

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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is one pathology which causes parenchymal acute kidney injury.

2. List (5) classes of drugs or toxins which can cause ATN and provide an example for each class. 5 marks

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3. List (6) absolute or relative indications for emergency haemodialysis. 6 marks

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