A 4-year-old boy is brought to the ED by his parents with abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite and intermittent distress over the past week. His last bowel motion was 7 days ago.

1. List (4) key differential diagnoses in a child of this age-group presenting with constipation. (4 marks) 4 marks

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2. Give (4) red flag features that would prompt consideration of a pathologic cause (4 marks) 4 marks

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There does not appear to be an obvious organic cause for the patient’s presentation and you feel they are safe to be managed as an outpatient.

3. Briefly outline a management plan you will advise the parents. (4 marks) 4 marks

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