You are the expedition doctor on a trek in the Peruvian Andes climbing to around 4700m above sea level.

1. Apart from altitude, what are the risk factors for the development of High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPE)? 3 marks

2. Describe the pathophysiology of HAPE. 3 marks

3. Outline the pharmacodynamic effects of acetazolamide as prophylaxis for Acute Mountain Sickness and High Altitude Cerebral Oedema 3 marks

4. List (3) treatments that can be used for emerging HAPE. 3 marks