A 25-year-old female has been brought to your ED by ambulance and police escort. She is agitated and physically aggressive, with facial and scalp contusions. Paramedics report the police were called after a domestic disturbance. At the scene, there was evidence of drug paraphernalia and empty alcohol containers. Her prescribed medications include thyroxine, venlafaxine and pregabalin.

1. Other than alcohol/drug intoxication and psychosis, list (4) likely causes for THIS patient’s presentation. 4 marks

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2. List (4) ED design features that can help mitigate violence in Emergency Departments. 4 marks

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3. List (4) system-wide approaches to mitigation of violence in Emergency Departments in general. 4 marks

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