A 60-year-old man presents with shortness of breath. You intend to perform pleurocentesis as part of your management.

Pleural effusion and pleurocentesis

1. List six potential complications of insertion of a small bore drainage catheter and state a safety measure to avoid each. 6 marks

The following results are obtained after bloods and pleural fluid are sent : Pleural fluid: LDH 336 U/L Protein 40 g/L Serum LDH 346 U/L Protein 65 g/L

2. Interpret the pleural fluid results. 3 marks

3. List three possible causes for this pleural effusion. 3 marks