A 24-year-old male presents to the ED 10 hours after developing sudden onset pleuritic chest pain on deep breathing. He is training for a triathlon and the pain occurred soon after a 5 km training swim. You suspect a spontaneous pneumothorax and perform point-of-care lung ultrasound.

Spontaneous pneumothorax

1. List three relevant features of this ultrasound M mode image. 3 marks

2. State your further assessment of this patient. 3 marks

3. State two methods for managing spontaneous pneumothoraces and one pro and one con of each. 6 marks