A 12-year-old boy presents with severe abdominal pain and vomiting. On arrival he is groaning and pale with the following initial observations :

  • HR 124 RR 32 Sats 100% RA Est weight 40kg

1. List three medications of different pharmacological classes that may be used to manage his symptoms. Include dose and route. 3 marks

2. In addition to appendicitis, list four possible causes of this presentation and an investigation or assessment that would help make the diagnosis. 4 marks

3. Name one scoring system used in the assessment of appendicitis in children. 1 mark

4. List the eight components of the scoring system named above. 4 marks