A 54-year-old man presents to emergency with general lethargy, fatigue and fevers and chills. He had a splenectomy following a motor vehicle accident 10 years ago. On examination: Temp 38°C, HR 130, BP 90/55, RR 24, Sats 95% RA.

1. What organism is most likely to be responsible for his presentation? 1 mark

2. List four other important causative organisms in post-splenectomy sepsis. 4 marks

3. State two immediate priorities in the management of this patient. 2 marks

4. List five causes for refractory shock and briefly outline how you would manage each. 10 marks