You are the expedition doctor for a tour group of adults completing a 3-week trek in the Nepalese Himalayas. The highest planned altitude is 5,650 m.

1. List four climb-related and four patient-related risk factors for altitude illness. 8 marks

2. List two key clinical features of acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral oedema. 4 marks

Five days into the trek at an altitude of 4,200 m, one climber develops breathlessness with SpO₂ 86% on a portable oximeter.

3. State the key steps in management including medications. 4 marks