A 34-year-old man presents with sudden onset left-sided neck pain and headache after carrying his child on his shoulders. On examination he has left-sided ptosis and miosis.

Carotid artery dissection

1. State three reasons why this presentation is more likely due to carotid artery dissection than vertebral artery dissection. 3 marks

2. List three CT angiogram findings that support the diagnosis. 3 marks

3. List three treatment options and give one indication for each. 6 marks