A 76-year-old male has been referred to ED by his GP with concern for a 6cm occlusive SVC thrombus on outpatient US. He had a PPM insertion 5 days ago for sinus bradycardia by a cardiologist. Vitals are: Temp 36.5 HR 75 BP 150/86 Sats 97%RA

1. List features of SVC syndrome you may assess for on history and examination. 4 marks

2. Other than SVC catheters, list four causes of SVC syndrome. 4 marks

3. List four possible treatment options for SVC obstruction. 4 marks