A 26-year-old man has been brought to the ED after falling from a horse. A CT scan has been performed.

Renal trauma

1. List (3) radiological features of major injury demonstrated on this image. 3 marks

2. List (3) options for management of this injury. For each option state the indication for its use. 6 marks

3. Complete the table below with brief descriptors pertaining to each grade of renal injury 5 marks

4. List (4) complications of this injury 5 marks