A 30-year-old male with perianal pain attends your rural emergency department. On examination, you find a thrombosed external haemorrhoid.

1. List (4) clinical features that make conservative treatment appropriate for this patient 4 marks

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2. List (4) situations or contraindications where local excision in the emergency department would not be recommended or safe (other than a patient not cooperating or consenting for the procedure 4 marks

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You decide to perform local excision of this patient’s thrombosed external haemorrhoids in the emergency department. Informed consent has been obtained, and the patient is in a safe and appropriate area. You have performed hand hygiene and are wearing PPE

3. List (4) steps for this procedure. 4 marks

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