A 58-year-old gentleman presents after being assaulted with a baseball bat. He was repeatedly struck around the face and head. He arrives after undergoing intubation by a prehospital medical team. There is brisk bleeding from the mouth and nares. Observations: HR 154, BP 75/45, RR 18, Sats 95% (FiO2 0.5), ETCO2 35, GCS 3.

1. List (4) procedures that can be performed in the Emergency Department for maxillofacial bleeding. 4 marks

2. List the clinical indications for lateral canthotomy and cantholysis in this patient. 2 marks

3. Briefly outline the steps in performance of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. 6 marks